The Membrane And Its Effects On Human Development - 860 Words

It is generally accepted that resting CaMKIIÃŽ ² bundles and stabilizes actin cytoskeleton. Transient activation of CaMKIIÃŽ ² relaxes cytoskeleton, promotes actin polymerization and CaMKIIÃŽ ² recruitment, and favors cytoskeleton growth. This model has been shown in both synaptogenesis (Okamoto et al., 2007) and OL maturation (Waggener et al., 2013). Based on this theory, we proposed that prolonged CaMKIIÃŽ ² activation by NMDA-R-mediated Ca2+ influx leads to destabilization of actin cytoskeleton and membrane disintegration in mature OLs. Although our experiments unambiguously showed that NMDA-R activation results in CaMKIIÃŽ ² activation, direct proof that links CaMKIIÃŽ ² activation and membrane reduction are lacking. All the existing CaMKIIÃŽ ² inhibitors†¦show more content†¦As mentioned in chapter 5, a repeated measure experiment using OLs from CaMKIIÃŽ ²A303R mice will be the best way to investigate this question. The CaMKIIÃŽ ²A303R mutant retains its ability to bund le F-actin, but loses its Ca2+/CaM binding capacity. Based on our proposed model, Tat-induced [Ca2+]i increase should have no effect on OL membrane area since Ca2+/CaM can not bind and activate CaMKIIÃŽ ²A303R, and promotes its release from actin cytoskeleton. Most of our experiments are done in mice cells. Since HIV is a human disease, we used an hBrnAgg model to try to verify our finding in human cells. We thought that the hBrnAgg model serves our experiments best because 1) it mimics the in vivo environment with the presence of all major CNS cell types, 2) myelination has been observed in the model by other investigators, thus fulfill the needs of studying effect of HIV/Tat on both OLs and myelin, and 3) the hBrnAgg model can be maintained for a long period of time (up to 60 days), made it a good model to study long-term effect of HIV/Tat. Our immunostaining experiments suggested that there are far less OLs in the aggregates than we expected. Under EM, plenty of synaptic structures, both symmetric and asymmetric, were observed in the hBrnAgg. However, cells with typical mature OL characteristics, including dark cytoplasm and nucleus, elongated, thin strands of endoplasmic reticulum; numerous mitochondria, and stacks of Golgi apparatus, were rarely

Impact Of Colonialism And The Missionary Endeavor On Ibo...

The impact of colonialism and the missionary endeavor on Ibo society in ‘’Things Fall Apart’’ novel Introduction ‘’Things Fall Apart’’ novel tries to re-erect cultural, social as well as spiritual basics of traditional Igbo (Ibo) existence from the year 1850 and 1900. Conversely, the novel cannot be inferred like truthful societal and political olden times of Ibo society since it is a work of invented story. However, the novel describes disagreements and apprehensions in Igbo society. It also depicts changes initiated by colonial ruling and Christianity. The author asserts that European colonialism operates as a powerful as well as well-built mediator of the change within Ibo society (Achebe, 2000). Additionally, Christianity attracted the trivial associates of the Igbo society. Igbo and other societies were altered considerably due to this variety of deal with Europeans. A few societies expanded in dimension and authority as marketable centers, whereas others go through great losses in the course of slave invasion. Hostility get higher, and conflict tactics distort ed due to the coming of weapons. In articulating the accomplishment of Catholic Missionaries Hatch, Roman Catholics appeared to be most helpful within the endeavor, thereby protecting a paramount place within Igbo society. According to Chinua Achebe, Educational expansion was the invention of Igbo confined organization but not of British supervision. As a result, other operation schools such as Anglican schoolsShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Novel Things Fall Apart 1435 Words   |  6 Pagesbasics of traditional Igbo (Ibo) existence from the year 1850 and 1900. The novel cannot be fixed like truthful societal and political old times of Ibo society since it is a work of invented story. However, the novel describes disagreements and apprehensions in Igbo society. It also depicts changes initiated by colonial ruling and Christianity. The author mentions that European colonialism operates as a powerful as well as well-built mediator of the change within Ibo society. Additionally, ChristianityRead MoreThings Fall Apa rt By Chinua Achebe1829 Words   |  8 Pagesback up cultural, social, and spiritual basics of traditional Igbo (Ibo) existence from the year 1850 and 1900. The novel cannot be fixed like other societal and political old times of Ibo society since it is a fictional novel. However, the novel describes disagreements and anxiety that occurred in Igbo society. It also shows changes initiated by colonial ruling and Christianity. Colonialism affected the people in the Ibo society by destroying of their family’s relationships, friendships, their religionRead MoreNotes18856 Words   |  76 PagesChapter 4 Colonialism and the African Experience Virtually everything that has gone wrong in Africa since the advent of independence has been blamed on the legacies of colonialism. Is that fair? Virtually all colonial powers had â€Å"colonial missions.† What were these missions and why were they apparently such a disaster? Did any good come out of the African â€Å"colonial experience†? Introduction Colonization of Africa by European countries was a monumental milestone in  ­ the development

Dce Unit 6 Free Essays

E1. Collate evidence which describes the role of the practitioner in working towards a healthy lifestyle and environment for children. In this section I will cover the role of the practitioner in working to provide children with a healthy lifestyle and how it is really important of making sure that the child gets everything they need to stay healthy. We will write a custom essay sample on Dce Unit 6 or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are many different ways the practitioner can promote a healthy lifestyle and this can be done through: Activities children can do to understand and gain a healthy lifestyle: Reading books Role play- farm shop Physical games- running, riding bikes and scooters and soft play area Spending time washing hands after going to the toilet, before eating or after sneezing Brushing your teeth (not all settings do this but some do to encourage children to be able to brush their teeth on their own) Singing songs that can help children to understand about healthy foods and not healthy. It is important not to tell children that crisps and chocolate is not good for you because they may not want to eat it. There is no good or bad food it is just a case of balancing the child’s diet so it is part of the practitioner’s role to provide healthy snacks and meals to ensure that they are getting their five-a-day. Having tick charts can be a good way to promote a healthy lifestyle. By ticking off each day what the child has had to eat can encourage them to eat more healthily. Daily exercise- children like to run around but for those who like to sit quietly, the practitioner should plan activities to include those children so they are getting the exercise they need in order to have a healthy lifestyle. E2. Provide information about legislation which supports the rights of children to a healthy lifestyle. Here are some legislations that support the rights of children: LEGISLATION DESCRIPTION Human Rights Act 2000 This act was designed to give children the same rights as adults. United Convention on the Rights of the Child This act seeks respect that children have a right to and deserve. Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act 2006 This act is designed to make sure that adults working with children and other vulnerable groups are vetted not just in childcare but also in other organisations. Childcare Act 2006 This act incorporates the welfare standards with which all settings with children under the age of eight use the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS). Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations (COSHH) This act states which substances which can make people ill or injure themselves must be stored and used in the proper manner. Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations (RIDDOR) 1995 This act requires the recording of any accidents or illnesses at the setting or work placement. E3. Provide information about a range of factors which may affect children’s health and well-being at differing times in their lives. Factors that affect the health of children: Poverty Stress Pollution Housing Unsafe environments Low birth weight Smoking Drug and alcohol misuse during pregnancy Lifestyle Families and community Illness and disability Most of these factors have a negative factor on a child’s health but some of them can have a positive effect. For example a child’s lifestyle can make a huge difference to his health. If a child is eating a well-balanced diet then the child’s health would be a good one because he is getting all the nutrients and vitamins he needs. And it a child is very active the child can benefit from this because as they grow older the exercise they have done while they are young will enable them to do a lot more things when they are older. E4. Include evidence of the effects of these factors on children’s health. These are the consequences that the factors stated in E3 that affect a child’s health: Smoking Smoking during pregnancy can result in the child being smaller, having a low birth weight and the child is more likely to suffer from asthma when they are older or at a very young age. Poor housing Poor housing can affect children’s health through dampness, over-crowding and infestation of insects and other vermin. Poverty If people are living in poverty they will not be able to require adequate housing which will then affect their health as mentioned above. Department of Health states that â€Å"families living in poverty are less likely than other families to access health and other supportive services. In addition to this children will be more susceptible to obesity tooth decay and unnecessary injury†. Some children may already be exposed to diseases but are not diagnosed until something happens to trigger it. E5. Include examples of different routines for children which will maintain a healthy lifestyle. All children need a routine otherwise they will get really confused and it may cause them to be distressed. Below is an example of a routine for a one year old. TIME ACTIVITY REASON RISKS 9:00 Arrive and meet and greet 1:1 settling. Time for parents to talk to key person and to discuss any changes. Builds social and emotional development Opportunity to learn more about the child No risk 9:30 Registration Builds social development No risk 9:45 Play time whilst adult carries out observations one that child or others. Builds PSED, CD, KUW, PD and CLL. Depends what activity the child is doing also depends on the development area Toys being damaged and the child hurting himself 10:15 Snack time sits with other children Stays healthy and builds social development Possible risk of choking on food 10:30 Outside play Builds PD, KUW, PSRN, CLL, PSED and CD. Could fall over; hurt themselves on the toys outside. 1:00 Choosing- does whatever the other children do Lets the child decide on what she wants to play with (child-initiated) Toys could be damaged or broken. 11:30 Sleep/read stories Relaxation No risk 12:00 Lunch time Stays healthy and builds social development Risk of choking on food 12:30 Sleep/story time Relaxation No risk 1:00 Play- outside or inside (child initiated) Builds PSED , CD, KUW, PD and CLL. Toys could be damaged or broken 1:30 Soft play with Builds CD,KUW, CLL, PSRN, PSED, and PD. Child falling off and hurting themselves 2:00 Play- whilst adult carries out observation Builds PSED, CD, KUW, PD and CLL. Allows the practitioner to plan activities the child can do. Toys broken 3:00 Home time Spends the rest of the day with parents No risk It is really important that a routine is followed with any child because it keeps them safe, promotes a healthy diet, allows time for the child to exercise whether it is through play or physical activity, keeps the child stimulated, allows them to have times of sleep and rest, promotes hygiene, builds a child’s independence and it shows the child love and affection. Not all children follow the same routine so the practitioners need to plan and put together routines for children who have specific needs so they will not be left out otherwise they could develop self- esteem and self-confidence problems when they are older. (ref E8) E6. Include descriptions of TWO activities which are suitable to use with children to promote a healthy lifestyle. There are many activities for children that enable the practitioner to promote a healthy lifestyle. For example, at placement I have come up with an activity promoting hygiene. I have noticed that some children do not like to use soap so the activity I have come up with an idea that allows children to make their own soap that they can use to stay hygienic and prevent germs. It also gives the children a sense of independence and ownership. Below is a recipe for making soap. Instructions Set a kitchen vegetable grater into a large bowl, and give it to your child. Show her how to grate a white or light-colored bar of soap into the bowl. You’ll need one cup of soap shavings. Ask her to split the shavings into four smaller bowls. Give your child a bowl of warm water and a spoon. Have her to dip the fingers of one hand into the water and shake it into one of the bowls of soap shavings. Add several drops of liquid food coloring, and ask her to stir the mixture. Add more coloring drop by drop to deepen the shade until she’s happy with it. Have her scoop the blob of soap out of the bowl and knead it into a ball. Ask her to knead, pinch, pull, stretch and generally mess with it until it’s pliable with the consistency of Play-Dough. If it’s too stiff, add a few more drops of warm water. Show your child how to pinch off small pieces of the soap dough ball and form them into shapes. Roll a ball of dough into a cylinder about ? -inch thick or a little larger to make a fat crayon for pudgy fingers. Encourage her to create silly animals, geometric shapes or anything else that she can think of. Press some of the dough into the cells of ice trays for some uniformly shaped soap crayons. Line a cookie sheet with paper towels. Arrange the completed shapes on the towels with space in between them. Put the sheet of soap shapes and the ice trays into the freezer for 10 minutes. Remove the cookie sheet and the ice trays from the freezer. Pop the crayons out of the ice trays and add them to the shapes on the cookie sheet. Set the tray of soap crayons in a cool, dry spot for two days to harden and dry thoroughly. When doing an activity with children the practitioner must be aware of each individual child’s needs and capabilities. For example, some of the children may not like the feel of the soap in their hands when in the stage of molding it together so when I come to do this activity I will put out spoons so the children have the choose whether they want to use spoons or not. This way none of the children will be left out just because they did not like the feel of the soap. This way I am showing a diverse and inclusive practice. (ref E8. ) How to cite Dce Unit 6, Essay examples

The Challenges of Company Wikis free essay sample

The Challenges of Company Wish Before I attended II Business School I worked for The Boeing Company in the Space Intelligent Systems sector. To quickly summarize my responsibilities, I helped design, build, test, and launch satellites for both commercial and government customers. Working in a highly technical field for a big corporation a significant portion of my time was spent on one of two things: 1) Documenting my knowledge or experiences on a specific subject. 2) Searching for information or knowledge on a specific subject using a variety of methods and tools (servers, internet, intranet). I became an engineer to build, design, create and as such, I found both of these tasks to be as boring as they sound. However, after spending years in the industry, I came to understand the importance of both of these tasks in order for a large company like Boeing to continually build successful high-tech products. In order to accomplish these tasks, most large companies, including Boeing, are moving towards web or enterprise 2. 0 tools such as: internal knowledge-management databases, wish, or intranets. These tools are all working to effectively and efficiently create a en-stop shop for employees to share or obtain information from past experiences in hopes of not reinventing the wheel, as the Jargon goes. The challenge I want to approach is how companies can build and manage one of these digital projects so that it succeeds in accomplishing what it was set out to do, specifically internal wish. As an intern in 2007, I was tasked with the Job of conceptualizing and building Boeings internal wick along with 3 other interns and a project manager. A wick is a web application that allows people to add, modify, or delete content in collaboration with others. As interns, it was almost impossible for us to fully understand what users (employees) really wanted from the wick. It was also a challenge for us to conceptualize a manner in which to design the wick such that it could encompass the millions of technical documents that Boeing had somewhere lying around on an obsolete server, and how to accomplish this in an effective manner. After a year of searching and obtaining useful or relevant information for the wick, and creating multiple beta versions, we presented our final version to management and received the go-ahead to release the wick into the wild. By 2012, the wick had exploded with enormous amounts of content, but the content was difficult to find and was not always trustworthy. Personally, I rarely used the wick because I was never able to find exactly what I was looking for. I would have to spend more time searching the wick, than I would have spent tracking down one the technical experts who could answer my problem. While I would not classify the wick as a complete failure overall, I would not constitute it as a success either. There are three key reasons listed below on why the wick was not as successful as it could have been: Lack of understanding of stakeholders needs Lack of documentation via the experts Lack of a dedicated team for maintenance or quality and change control The initial design started with 3 interns and a manager. With very little experience between the three of us, it made it quite difficult to understand the real purpose for the wick. Although our design was sound in the initial versions, once the wick caught on within the company, the structure and design was not sufficient enough to effectively handle all the data being put onto the wick. Hence, at any one point there may have been 10-20 children pages, or links, for the user to acquire the information needed. As Dolomite says involve stakeholders in the selection process and ensure that the solution meets the business requirements. 3 In Boeings case, we did neither. If you have ever worked for a technology company, you may know that a technical experts time is precious. More often than not, they are too busy designing something or solving a problem, leaving them very little time leftover to document their findings. As a result, most submissions on the wick I found were from people who were not the technical expert in the subject and it was evident in their postings. Instead, the stings were coming from engineers who, to be blunt, were seat-fillers. There was no control system to ensure the documentation was correct, of good quality, and reliable. When submissions are not trustworthy, the entire wick concept can lose its credibility, as it did in my experience. Additionally, as the wick evolved and grew in the 5 years I was present at Boeing, never was there a restructuring or redesign of the wick. This, in combination with the initial design, made it difficult to find information easily and quickly. Taking all of this into account, what solution is there for large technology firms trying o create and implement a wick? First, as with any digital project, there has to be a clear understanding of what the need is. Without this, the design will ultimately fail and all subsequent steps thereafter. Easier said than done, but a way to minimize this risk is to ensure digital projects have a variety of team members working on the project from the start. This should include an experienced manager and a technical expert. Secondly, there should always exist a mentor/proto ©g © relationship between the experts. As a result, there is no single expert in one particular field, thus allowing mime for trustworthy and credible documentation. Lastly, digital projects are not a one-time thing. They are continuously evolving and there must be some adaptability in order to account for these changes. Wish are powerful tools, if implemented correctly. They can allow novice employees of firms to learn on the Job from documentation of past experiences instead of taking up an experts time tort meetings and training. Thus, through the implementation to a well-designed and maintained wick, a company can save time and costs for both the novice and the expert, and in the end everyone wins.